Digital forensics · Expert witness

Digital forensics and expert witness services

We investigate the incident and, when the case reaches the courts, turn the findings into formal evidence that an accredited expert confirms and defends before the tribunal.

See the three service lines
  • Court-accredited expert witness before the Santiago Court of Appeals
  • 10 years of experience in digital forensics: DFIR capability for several companies and work as expert witnesses in court proceedings.

What do you need today?

Three service lines you can hire alone or together. Pick the situation closest to yours.

DFIR as the client's in-house service

We join your team and run the forensic and response processes as if they were your own in-house service.

  • Response and investigation procedures and playbooks
  • Forensic readiness before an incident: roles, tooling and custody
  • Execution of the processes when an incident happens
  • Support with reports to the authority when required

Who it is forFor organisations that want ongoing DFIR capability without building their own team.

On-demand incident forensics

The incident has already happened and you need someone to run the analysis: we identify, acquire, preserve and analyse the evidence.

  • Evidence acquisition and preservation with chain of custody
  • Reconstruction of what happened and how
  • Who was behind it, as far as the evidence allows
  • Technical report with findings and containment and recovery recommendations

Who it is forFor organisations with a recent or ongoing incident. Engaged case by case: you tell us about it and we prepare a proposal.

Expert witness services

The legal projection of the analysis: its technical findings become formal evidence that an expert confirms and defends before the tribunal.

  • Assessment of a forensic analysis, yours, ours or a third party's, to see whether it can go to court
  • Alignment with formal requirements: custody, documentation and a repeatable method
  • Expert report for criminal, civil, labour and family cases
  • Confirmation and defence of the report at the hearing
  • Critical review of the opposing party's expert report

Who it is forFor organisations, lawyers and individuals with a case under way or about to start.

Digital forensics within incident management, response and investigation

A forensic analysis is not a stand-alone job: it is one stage of incident management. That is why we organise it along the lifecycle the standards describe, and every finding feeds back into the incident.

Preparation

Roles, procedures, tools and forensic readiness in place before the incident.

How we do it

We define roles, procedures and tools, and set up how evidence will be preserved before it is needed.

Frameworks behind it

  • ISO/IEC 27035

Who covers it

  • DFIR as the client's in-house service

Detection and reporting

An event is recognised, logged and escalated.

How we do it

We set how an event is logged, who receives it and when it is escalated, so no hours or traces are lost.

Frameworks behind it

  • ISO/IEC 27035
  • Law 21,663

Who covers it

  • DFIR as the client's in-house service

Assessment and decision

It is determined whether it is an incident, how serious it is and which obligations it triggers.

How we do it

We help decide whether it is an incident, how serious it is and which reports or notices it requires.

Frameworks behind it

  • ISO/IEC 27035
  • Law 21,663
  • Law 21,719

Who covers it

  • DFIR as the client's in-house service

Response

Containment, eradication and recovery without destroying evidence.

How we do it

Contain and recover without erasing the trail: every technical action is logged and coordinated with the analysis.

Frameworks behind it

  • ISO/IEC 27035

Who covers it

  • DFIR as the client's in-house service
  • On-demand incident forensics

Forensic investigation

Identify, acquire, preserve and analyse the evidence: what happened, how and, as far as it allows, who.

How we do it

We acquire verified copies, analyse them and reconstruct what happened, how and, as far as the evidence allows, who.

Frameworks behind it

  • ISO/IEC 27037
  • ISO/IEC 27042
  • Law 21,459
  • Law 21,719

Who covers it

  • DFIR as the client's in-house service
  • On-demand incident forensics

Lessons learned

What was found improves the controls and feeds preparation.

How we do it

We turn what was found into concrete improvements to controls, procedures and training.

Frameworks behind it

  • ISO/IEC 27035

Who covers it

  • DFIR as the client's in-house service

The deadlines run while you investigate

Law 21,663 sets reporting deadlines to the authority that do not wait for the analysis to finish.

Which deadlines apply to you depends on your organisation's status; we determine it case by case.
  1. 3 hoursAlert
  2. 72 hoursSecond report (24 hours if an operator of vital importance sees its essential service affected)
  3. 7 calendar daysAction plan, for operators of vital importance only
  4. 15 daysFinal report, counted from the alert

Frameworks it relies on

ISO/IEC 27035Information security incident management (parts 1, 2 and 3).
ISO/IEC 27037Identification, collection, acquisition and preservation of digital evidence.
ISO/IEC 27042Analysis and interpretation of digital evidence.
Law 21,663Cybersecurity framework: incident reporting to the authority.
Law 21,459Computer crimes: the incident may be a crime, and the evidence matters.
Law 21,719Personal data protection: incidents that compromise personal data.

We use the ISO standards as a working method; they are only named here, not reproduced.

Expert witness services: from analysis to the hearing

An internal forensic analysis only becomes expert evidence when it is adapted to what the courts require: formal evidence, chain of custody, documentation and an expert who confirms and defends it.

From technical finding to judicial evidence

Technical finding

  • Forensic image fingerprint
  • Log excerpt
  • Timeline

Alignment

  • Chain of custody
  • Documentation
  • Repeatable method

Formal evidence

Report confirmed by the expert

Without alignment, a sound technical analysis may not hold up before a tribunal.

Your route to expert evidence

Does a forensic analysis of your case already exist?

  1. On-demand incident forensicsIt is done from the start to the judicial standard (custody, documentation and a repeatable method), so no assessment or later alignment is needed.
  2. AssessmentIt applies to an analysis that has already been done, by your team, by us or by a third party: it checks whether the evidence, custody and method can be taken to court.
  3. AlignmentChain of custody, documentation and a repeatable method per the formal requirements.
  4. Expert reportCriminal, civil, labour and family, with the structure each proceeding requires.
  5. Confirmation and defenceThe expert confirms the report and answers questions at the hearing.

Assessment result

FavourableThe evidence is aligned and the work moves on to the expert report.
UnfavourableRevalidate or complete the evidence and assess again.
The assessment may come out favourable or unfavourable

Not all evidence gathered during an incident will stand up in court. We would rather you know before taking it to trial.

How an expert report is built

Sample document with fictitious data. The animation shows how a technical finding becomes an expert report, point by point.

Report ready to be confirmed
  1. Questions put to the expertWhat was asked, who asked it and the specific questions the expert must answer.
  2. Evidence examined and chain of custodyWhat was examined, where it comes from and who held it at each point.
  3. Methodology and findingsHow the results were reached, in enough detail for another expert to repeat them.
  4. ConclusionsThe answer to each question put to the expert, grounded in the above.
Expert report (sample) Ready to be confirmed Page 1 of 3

II. Brief and questions put to the expert

Casecase no.: [pending]Case C-0000-2026 (sample case)

Questions put to the expert

  1. was the email altered?1. Determine whether the 14 Oct email was altered after being sent.
  2. who got in?2. Establish who accessed the mailbox and at what times.

III. Evidence examined and chain of custody

ItemSHA-256 fingerprintCustody
sda.imgE-014 · forensic image, disk 09f2c4ab7…9f2c4ab7…d3ef · verifiedno recordRecord no. 1 · 3 transfers logged

Methodology and findings

02:14 login svc_backupSign-in with valid credentials on 14 Oct at 02:14 (UTC-3).

timeline + hashTimeline built with verifiable tools; another expert can repeat it.

Conclusions

altered: yes/noQuestion 1: the email was not altered; the fingerprint matches the original.

Legal framework and the cases we cover

Each type of case has its own procedural framework and report model. Pick one to see what applies and what evidence is typical.

Framework governing expert reports

Criminal Procedure Code

Dedicated report model for this type of case

Typical evidence

  • Seized or handed-over devices
  • Emails and messages
  • Access and network logs

Supporting rules

  • Law 21,459
  • Budapest Convention

Framework governing expert reports

Civil Procedure Code

Dedicated report model for this type of case

Typical evidence

  • Contracts and electronic documents
  • Emails and databases
  • System logs

Framework governing expert reports

Labour Code

Dedicated report model for this type of case

Typical evidence

  • Emails and use of company equipment
  • Access and attendance records
  • Internal messaging

Framework governing expert reports

Law 19,968 on Family Courts

Dedicated report model for this type of case

Typical evidence

  • Messages and social media
  • Personal devices
  • Communication records

How they connect

Expert evidence in IT cases usually starts from a prior forensic analysis. What changes is the standard: the first answers what happened; the second, what can be proven before a tribunal.

  1. A verified forensic copy is identified and acquired; the original is left untouched.

    Output:
    Forensic image and fingerprint
    E-014 · SHA-256 9f2c…d3ef
  2. Every handover is logged: who receives it, when and with what fingerprint.

    Output:
    Custody record
    ACTA-001 · 3 → 3
  3. Work is done on copies, reconstructing what happened, how and, as far as possible, who.

    Output:
    Working copy and timeline
    CT-014 · SHA-256 9f2c…d3ef
  4. Findings and recommendations are delivered for managing the incident.

    Output:
    Technical report
    IT-014 · v1.0
  5. We review whether evidence, custody and method meet the judicial standard.

    Output:
    Assessment report
    EV-014 · v1.0
  6. Any gaps are closed and the report is written with the structure of the proceeding.

    Output:
    Expert report
    IP-014 · v1.0
  7. The expert confirms the report and answers before the tribunal.

    Output:
    Confirmation before the tribunal
    AUD-014

If you expect the incident may end up in court, say so from day one: preserving to that standard from the start avoids losing evidence.

They can be hired separately or together.

How we work

  • Preserve before analysingWork is done on verified copies; the original is left untouched.
  • Every step is recordedWho did what, when and with which tool.
  • A third party can repeat the workMethod and results documented so another expert reaches the same conclusion.
  • ConfidentialityCase information is handled in confidence and only with those involved in it.

Frequently asked questions

How do digital forensics and expert witness work differ?

Forensic analysis reconstructs what happened in an incident and serves the organisation's own management. Expert witness work brings it to the form a tribunal requires (formal evidence, chain of custody, documentation), and an expert confirms and defends it.

Can you do the expert work on a forensic analysis carried out by another firm?

Yes. First we assess whether the evidence and custody meet the judicial standard. The result may be favourable or unfavourable; if unfavourable, we tell you what to revalidate or complete.

Do you handle incidents around the clock?

We do not offer a standing on-call service. If you want forensic capability ready before an incident, there is the «DFIR as an in-house service» line. If the incident has already happened, we take it on as an engagement: tell us about it in the quote tool and we prepare a proposal.

What should I do with the affected devices meanwhile?

Avoid reinstalling, wiping or cleaning the devices and tell us before making changes: every action can alter evidence.

Which types of case does the expert work cover?

Criminal, civil, labour and family cases, using the report model of each proceeding.

How much does it cost?

It is quoted case by case: it depends on the number of devices, the volume of data and the scope. There is no list price.

What information should I send when requesting a quote?

Only the basics: which service you need, your situation and how to reach you. Case details and the people involved are handled afterwards, in confidence.

Cannot find your question? Tell us about your case in the quote tool and we will answer it with the proposal.

Digital forensics · Expert witness

Tell us about your case

Choose the line you need or combine them. We reply with a proposal.

See the three service lines

Do not include case details or the people involved in the form.

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